PrepYodhaPrepYodhaClass Notes · English
English Grammar · Chapter 01 · Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

Every English sentence is built from words, and every word does one of eight jobs — it names, replaces, describes, acts, modifies, links, joins or exclaims. These jobs are the parts of speech, the building blocks of grammar. Before you can spot an error or improve a sentence, you must be able to look at any word and say what job it is doing. This chapter lays that foundation: the sentence itself, the eight parts, and the larger units — phrases and clauses.हर अंग्रेज़ी वाक्य शब्दों से बनता है, और हर शब्द आठ में से एक काम करता है — नाम देना, बदलना, वर्णन करना, क्रिया करना, रूप बदलना, जोड़ना, संबंध बनाना या भाव व्यक्त करना। ये काम ही शब्द-भेद (parts of speech) हैं, व्याकरण की बुनियाद। त्रुटि पकड़ने या वाक्य सुधारने से पहले, आपको किसी भी शब्द को देखकर बताना आना चाहिए कि वह क्या काम कर रहा है। यह अध्याय वही नींव रखता है: वाक्य स्वयं, आठ भेद, और बड़े इकाई — वाक्यांश (phrase) और उपवाक्य (clause)।
🧱
🧩
Topic 01

Sentence, Subject & Predicate

📄
HANDWRITTEN PDF NOTES
Parts of Speech — downloadable PDF
Open PDF ↗Download

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought — a statement, a question, a command or an idea. Every sentence has two parts: the subject (the person or thing that acts or is described) and the predicate (what the subject does or is — essentially the verb and everything attached to it).एक वाक्य शब्दों का समूह है जो पूरा विचार व्यक्त करता है — कथन, प्रश्न, आदेश या विचार। हर वाक्य के दो भाग होते हैं: कर्ता (subject) (जो व्यक्ति या वस्तु कार्य करती है या जिसका वर्णन है) और विधेय (predicate) (कर्ता क्या करता है या क्या है — मूलतः क्रिया और उससे जुड़ी हर चीज़)।

Examples.   Rita | laughed. → subject "Rita", predicate "laughed".
Rita, as well as her parents, | has gone for the party. → subject part, predicate part.

Usually the subject comes first, but in some sentences the predicate comes before the subject: "Here comes Rita", "Now comes the sound." A common trap: in "There appears to be a large number of people…", the verb must agree with "a large number of people" (plural idea), a point that error-spotting questions love.आमतौर पर कर्ता पहले आता है, पर कुछ वाक्यों में विधेय कर्ता से पहले आता है: "Here comes Rita", "Now comes the sound.". एक आम जाल: "There appears to be a large number of people…" में क्रिया "a large number of people" (बहुवचन भाव) से मेल खानी चाहिए — त्रुटि-पहचान प्रश्न यही पूछते हैं।

📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

In "The old bridge collapsed during the flood", the subject is:"The old bridge collapsed during the flood" में कर्ता है:

  1. the flood
  2. collapsed
  3. during the flood
  4. The old bridge
✔ D. "The old bridge" is the thing that acts; the rest is the predicate.✔ D. "The old bridge" कार्य करने वाली वस्तु है; शेष विधेय है।

Which sentence has the predicate placed before the subject?किस वाक्य में विधेय कर्ता से पहले है?

  1. Here comes the bus.
  2. They were tired.
  3. She left early.
  4. The bus is late.
✔ A. The verb "comes" precedes the subject "the bus".✔ A. क्रिया "comes" कर्ता "the bus" से पहले है।

Choose the correct verb: "There ___ a large number of students absent today."सही क्रिया चुनें: "There ___ a large number of students absent today."

  1. is
  2. was
  3. has
  4. are
✔ D. "A large number of students" is plural in sense → "are".✔ D. "A large number of students" भाव में बहुवचन है → "are"।

A group of words expressing a complete thought is called a:पूरा विचार व्यक्त करने वाले शब्द-समूह को कहते हैं:

  1. syllable
  2. phrase
  3. sentence
  4. letter
✔ C. A complete thought = a sentence; a phrase is incomplete.✔ C. पूरा विचार = वाक्य; वाक्यांश अधूरा होता है।
🔟
Topic 02

The Eight Parts of Speech

English words fall into eight categories by the job they do. The same word can change its category with its use (for example, "book" is a noun in "a good book" but a verb in "book a ticket") — so always judge a word by its function in the sentence, not by the word alone.अंग्रेज़ी शब्द अपने काम के अनुसार आठ श्रेणियों में आते हैं। वही शब्द उपयोग बदलने पर श्रेणी बदल सकता है (जैसे "book" — "a good book" में संज्ञा, पर "book a ticket" में क्रिया) — इसलिए शब्द को हमेशा वाक्य में उसके कार्य से पहचानें, अकेले शब्द से नहीं।

  • 1. Noun — names a person, place, thing or idea: Ram, Delhi, table, honesty.1. संज्ञा (Noun) — व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु या विचार का नाम: Ram, Delhi, table, honesty।
  • 2. Pronoun — replaces a noun: he, they, it, which.2. सर्वनाम (Pronoun) — संज्ञा की जगह लेता है: he, they, it, which।
  • 3. Verb — shows action or state: run, eat, is, seems.3. क्रिया (Verb) — कार्य या अवस्था दिखाती है: run, eat, is, seems।
  • 4. Adjective — describes a noun: tall, blue, seven, this.4. विशेषण (Adjective) — संज्ञा का वर्णन करता है: tall, blue, seven, this।
  • 5. Adverb — modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb: quickly, very, here, too.5. क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) — क्रिया, विशेषण या अन्य क्रिया-विशेषण का रूप बदलता है: quickly, very, here, too।
  • 6. Preposition — shows relation of a noun to another word: in, on, by, with.6. संबंधसूचक (Preposition) — संज्ञा का दूसरे शब्द से संबंध दिखाता है: in, on, by, with।
  • 7. Conjunction — joins words or clauses: and, but, because, so.7. समुच्चयबोधक (Conjunction) — शब्दों या उपवाक्यों को जोड़ता है: and, but, because, so।
  • 8. Interjection — expresses sudden feeling: Bravo! Hurrah! Alas!8. विस्मयादिबोधक (Interjection) — अचानक भाव व्यक्त करता है: Bravo! Hurrah! Alas!
Common traps.आम जाल। "advice", "information", "news" are uncountable (no plural); "discuss", "reach" take no preposition (discuss about → discuss); "too" means excess while "very" is simple degree (so poor to pay → too poor to pay). "advice", "information", "news" अगणनीय हैं (बहुवचन नहीं); "discuss", "reach" के साथ preposition नहीं (discuss about → discuss); "too" = अधिकता, "very" = साधारण मात्रा (so poor to pay → too poor to pay)।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

In "She sings beautifully", the word "beautifully" is a/an:"She sings beautifully" में "beautifully" शब्द है:

  1. adverb
  2. verb
  3. noun
  4. adjective
✔ A. It modifies the verb "sings" → adverb.✔ A. यह क्रिया "sings" का रूप बदलता है → adverb।

Identify the part of speech of "but" in "He is poor but honest":"He is poor but honest" में "but" का शब्द-भेद पहचानें:

  1. preposition
  2. adverb
  3. interjection
  4. conjunction
✔ D. "but" joins two words/ideas → conjunction.✔ D. "but" दो शब्दों/विचारों को जोड़ता है → conjunction।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. The teacher gave us some advice.
  2. The teacher gave us advices.
  3. The teacher gave us an advice.
  4. The teacher gave us many advices.
✔ A. "advice" is uncountable — no plural and no "an".✔ A. "advice" अगणनीय है — न बहुवचन, न "an"।

Which word is an interjection?कौन-सा शब्द विस्मयादिबोधक है?

  1. because
  2. Hurrah!
  3. under
  4. quickly
✔ B. "Hurrah!" expresses sudden feeling → interjection.✔ B. "Hurrah!" अचानक भाव व्यक्त करता है → interjection।
🧷
Topic 03

Phrases

A phrase is a group of words that acts as a single unit but has no subject doing a verb, so it cannot express a complete thought on its own — "a ten-foot flag", "moving behind a car", "the lost puppy".एक वाक्यांश (phrase) शब्दों का समूह है जो एक इकाई की तरह काम करता है पर जिसमें कोई कर्ता क्रिया नहीं कर रहा, इसलिए यह अकेले पूरा विचार व्यक्त नहीं कर सकता — "a ten-foot flag", "moving behind a car", "the lost puppy"।

  • Noun phrase — a noun + its modifiers: a sick little boy.संज्ञा वाक्यांश — संज्ञा + उसके विशेषण: a sick little boy।
  • Verb phrase — a verb + its modifiers: was eager to know.क्रिया वाक्यांश — क्रिया + उसके रूपक: was eager to know।
  • Infinitive phrase — begins with "to + verb": to explore new places.Infinitive वाक्यांश — "to + verb" से शुरू: to explore new places।
  • Prepositional phrase — begins with a preposition: for a while, on the table.संबंधसूचक वाक्यांश — preposition से शुरू: for a while, on the table।
Phrasal-verb trap.Phrasal-verb जाल। With a pronoun object, the particle moves after it: put away them → put them away. But some phrasal verbs stay fixed: "carried on talking" (not "carried on to talk"). सर्वनाम कर्म के साथ particle उसके बाद आता है: put away them → put them away। पर कुछ phrasal verb स्थिर रहते हैं: "carried on talking" (not "carried on to talk")।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

"On the wooden table" is an example of a:"On the wooden table" किसका उदाहरण है:

  1. verb phrase
  2. sentence
  3. prepositional phrase
  4. independent clause
✔ C. It begins with the preposition "on" → prepositional phrase.✔ C. यह preposition "on" से शुरू होता है → prepositional phrase।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. We collected the books and put them away.
  2. We collected the books and them put away.
  3. We collected the books and put away them.
  4. We collected the books and away put them.
✔ A. A pronoun object ("them") goes between verb and particle.✔ A. सर्वनाम कर्म ("them") क्रिया और particle के बीच आता है।

"To explore new places" is a/an:"To explore new places" है:

  1. adverb
  2. prepositional phrase
  3. infinitive phrase
  4. noun clause
✔ C. It begins with "to + verb" → infinitive phrase.✔ C. यह "to + verb" से शुरू है → infinitive phrase।

Why is "the lost puppy" a phrase and not a sentence?"the lost puppy" वाक्यांश क्यों है, वाक्य नहीं?

  1. It has no noun.
  2. It has no subject doing a verb.
  3. It is too short.
  4. It has no adjective.
✔ B. A phrase lacks a subject performing a verb, so it is incomplete.✔ B. वाक्यांश में कोई कर्ता क्रिया नहीं करता, इसलिए अधूरा है।
🔗
Topic 04

Clauses

A clause is a group of words that does contain a subject and a verb — which is exactly what separates it from a phrase. There are two kinds:एक उपवाक्य (clause) शब्दों का समूह है जिसमें कर्ता और क्रिया दोनों होते हैं — यही इसे वाक्यांश से अलग करता है। दो प्रकार हैं:

  • Independent clause — expresses a complete thought and can stand alone: I went to the market.स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य — पूरा विचार व्यक्त करता है और अकेला खड़ा हो सकता है: I went to the market।
  • Dependent clause — supports the main idea but cannot stand alone: Because I went to the market.आश्रित उपवाक्य — मुख्य विचार का सहारा देता है पर अकेला खड़ा नहीं हो सकता: Because I went to the market।
Example. "Rita went to the market after she watched the movie." → the first part is an independent clause; "after she watched the movie" is a dependent clause. Join clauses with a comma or a conjunction, not a full stop.
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

What distinguishes a clause from a phrase?उपवाक्य को वाक्यांश से क्या अलग करता है?

  1. A clause has no noun.
  2. A clause has a subject and a verb.
  3. A clause has no meaning.
  4. A clause is longer.
✔ B. A clause contains a subject doing a verb; a phrase does not.✔ B. उपवाक्य में कर्ता क्रिया करता है; वाक्यांश में नहीं।

"Because he was late" is a/an:"Because he was late" है:

  1. sentence
  2. dependent clause
  3. independent clause
  4. phrase
✔ B. "Because" makes it unable to stand alone → dependent clause.✔ B. "Because" इसे अकेले खड़ा नहीं होने देता → dependent clause।

Which is an independent clause?कौन-सा स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य है?

  1. Although it rained.
  2. If you agree.
  3. The beaches are better.
  4. When she arrived.
✔ C. It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone.✔ C. यह पूरा विचार व्यक्त करता है और अकेला खड़ा हो सकता है।

How should two clauses be joined?दो उपवाक्य कैसे जोड़ने चाहिए?

  1. with a question mark
  2. with a full stop
  3. they cannot be joined
  4. with a comma or a conjunction
✔ D. Use a comma or a conjunction (and, but, because…), not a full stop.✔ D. comma या conjunction (and, but, because…) का प्रयोग करें, full stop नहीं।

Test Yourself · Parts of Speech

12 questions on subject/predicate, the eight parts, phrases and clauses. Tap an option to check, then read Why.

कर्ता/विधेय, आठ शब्द-भेद, वाक्यांश और उपवाक्य पर 12 प्रश्न। जाँचने के लिए विकल्प पर टैप करें, फिर Why पढ़ें।