PrepYodhaPrepYodhaClass Notes · English
English Grammar · Chapter 02 · Noun

Noun

A noun is a naming word — for a person, place, thing, substance, quality or idea. Everything we can see or talk about has a noun for it. Nouns look simple, but the exam tests them sharply: which nouns have no plural, which look plural but take a singular verb, which are singular but take a plural verb, and how to form possessives correctly. This chapter covers the types first, then the rules that actually earn marks.एक संज्ञा (noun) नाम देने वाला शब्द है — व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, पदार्थ, गुण या विचार के लिए। जो कुछ हम देख या बता सकते हैं, उसके लिए एक संज्ञा होती है। संज्ञाएँ सरल लगती हैं, पर परीक्षा इन्हें बारीकी से जाँचती है: किन संज्ञाओं का बहुवचन नहीं होता, कौन बहुवचन दिखती पर एकवचन क्रिया लेती हैं, कौन एकवचन पर बहुवचन क्रिया लेती हैं, और possessive सही कैसे बनाएँ। यह अध्याय पहले प्रकार, फिर वे नियम बताता है जो असल में अंक दिलाते हैं।
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Topic 01

Common, Proper & Collective Nouns

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  • Common noun — a general name shared by every member of a class: boy, city, book, river. It is capitalised only at the start of a sentence.जातिवाचक संज्ञा (Common) — एक वर्ग के हर सदस्य का सामान्य नाम: boy, city, book, river। यह केवल वाक्य के आरंभ में बड़े अक्षर से लिखी जाती है।
  • Proper noun — the specific name of one particular person, place or thing: Raman, Kanpur, War and Peace. It is always capitalised.व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा (Proper) — किसी एक विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का नाम: Raman, Kanpur, War and Peace। यह हमेशा बड़े अक्षर से लिखी जाती है।
  • Collective noun — a name for a whole group taken as one unit: a herd of cattle, a flock of birds, a class of students, a bunch of grapes.समूहवाचक संज्ञा (Collective) — एक समूह का नाम जो एक इकाई के रूप में लिया जाए: a herd of cattle, a flock of birds, a class of students, a bunch of grapes।
Common → Proper.   boy → Raman · city → Kanpur · book → War and Peace · tower → Eiffel Tower · jeans → Levis.
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Which word is a proper noun?कौन-सा शब्द व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा है?

  1. city
  2. boy
  3. Kanpur
  4. river
✔ C. "Kanpur" names one specific place → proper noun.✔ C. "Kanpur" एक विशेष स्थान का नाम है → proper noun।

"A flock of birds" — the word "flock" is a:"A flock of birds" — "flock" शब्द है:

  1. material noun
  2. collective noun
  3. proper noun
  4. abstract noun
✔ B. It names a whole group as one unit → collective noun.✔ B. यह पूरे समूह को एक इकाई के रूप में नाम देता है → collective noun।

In "We are planning to go to a restaurant", "restaurant" is a:"We are planning to go to a restaurant" में "restaurant" है:

  1. proper noun
  2. collective noun
  3. abstract noun
  4. common noun
✔ D. No specific restaurant is named → common noun.✔ D. किसी विशेष रेस्तराँ का नाम नहीं → common noun।

Which noun must always be written with a capital letter?कौन-सी संज्ञा हमेशा बड़े अक्षर से लिखी जाती है?

  1. abstract noun
  2. proper noun
  3. common noun
  4. material noun
✔ B. Proper nouns are always capitalised, wherever they appear.✔ B. Proper noun हमेशा बड़े अक्षर से लिखी जाती है, चाहे कहीं भी आए।
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Topic 02

Abstract, Material, Countable & Uncountable Nouns

  • Abstract noun — a quality, feeling, action or idea you cannot see or touch: love, fear, courage, honesty, creativity.भाववाचक संज्ञा (Abstract) — गुण, भाव, कार्य या विचार जिसे देखा या छुआ नहीं जा सकता: love, fear, courage, honesty, creativity।
  • Material noun — the substance a thing is made of, usually not counted: gold, cotton, iron, glass, milk.पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा (Material) — जिस पदार्थ से कोई चीज़ बनी हो, आमतौर पर गिनी नहीं जाती: gold, cotton, iron, glass, milk।
  • Countable noun — can be counted and has singular & plural forms: one chair, ten chairs.गणनीय संज्ञा (Countable) — गिनी जा सकती है और इसके एकवचन-बहुवचन रूप होते हैं: one chair, ten chairs।
  • Uncountable noun — cannot be counted and takes no plural: milk, water, furniture, information.अगणनीय संज्ञा (Uncountable) — गिनी नहीं जा सकती और इसका बहुवचन नहीं: milk, water, furniture, information।
Test point.परीक्षा बिंदु। Uncountable nouns take "much/some" (not "many") and no "a/an": much work, some advice — never many advices. अगणनीय संज्ञाएँ "much/some" लेती हैं ("many" नहीं) और "a/an" नहीं: much work, some advice — कभी many advices नहीं।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Which of these is an abstract noun?इनमें से कौन-सी भाववाचक संज्ञा है?

  1. Ram
  2. gold
  3. honesty
  4. table
✔ C. "honesty" is a quality you cannot touch → abstract noun.✔ C. "honesty" एक गुण है जिसे छुआ नहीं जा सकता → abstract noun।

"My mom bought a gold ring." The word "gold" is a:"My mom bought a gold ring." में "gold" है:

  1. abstract noun
  2. collective noun
  3. material noun
  4. proper noun
✔ C. "gold" is a substance → material noun.✔ C. "gold" एक पदार्थ है → material noun।

Which noun is uncountable?कौन-सी संज्ञा अगणनीय है?

  1. furniture
  2. pen
  3. chair
  4. book
✔ A. "furniture" cannot be counted or made plural → uncountable.✔ A. "furniture" गिनी या बहुवचन नहीं की जा सकती → uncountable।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. He gave me an important information.
  2. He gave me very important information.
  3. He gave me many important informations.
  4. He gave me very important informations.
✔ B. "information" is uncountable — no plural, no "an".✔ B. "information" अगणनीय है — न बहुवचन, न "an"।
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Topic 03

Noun Number Rules

  • Always singular (uncountable): information, machinery, poetry, luggage, jewellery, knowledge, furniture, advice, scenery.हमेशा एकवचन (अगणनीय): information, machinery, poetry, luggage, jewellery, knowledge, furniture, advice, scenery।
  • Always plural (take a plural verb): scissors, trousers, pants, spectacles, goggles, tongs, alms, amends, particulars, proceeds, wages, thanks, riches, belongings.हमेशा बहुवचन (बहुवचन क्रिया लेती हैं): scissors, trousers, pants, spectacles, goggles, tongs, alms, amends, particulars, proceeds, wages, thanks, riches, belongings।
  • Look plural but are singular: mathematics, physics, economics, politics, news, athletics, innings — take a singular verb.बहुवचन दिखती पर एकवचन: mathematics, physics, economics, politics, news, athletics, innings — एकवचन क्रिया लेती हैं।
  • Singular in form but take a plural verb: cattle, people, police, poultry, gentry, peasantry.रूप में एकवचन पर बहुवचन क्रिया: cattle, people, police, poultry, gentry, peasantry।
  • Noun + preposition + same noun stays singular: match after match (not "matches after matches").Noun + preposition + वही noun एकवचन रहती है: match after match ("matches after matches" नहीं)।
  • Compound nouns are made plural on the main word: mothers-in-law, commanders-in-chief.Compound noun का बहुवचन मुख्य शब्द पर बनता है: mothers-in-law, commanders-in-chief।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Mathematics are an easy subject.
  2. Mathematics have been easy.
  3. Mathematics were an easy subject.
  4. Mathematics is an easy subject.
✔ D. "Mathematics" looks plural but is singular → "is".✔ D. "Mathematics" बहुवचन दिखती पर एकवचन है → "is"।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Cattle has grazed the field.
  2. Cattle is grazing in the field.
  3. Cattle was grazing in the field.
  4. Cattle are grazing in the field.
✔ D. "Cattle" takes a plural verb → "are".✔ D. "Cattle" बहुवचन क्रिया लेती है → "are"।

The correct plural of "commander-in-chief" is:"commander-in-chief" का सही बहुवचन है:

  1. commanders-in-chiefs
  2. commander-in-chiefs
  3. commander-in-chief's
  4. commanders-in-chief
✔ D. Add the plural to the main word "commander".✔ D. बहुवचन मुख्य शब्द "commander" पर लगता है।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. My trouser is dirty.
  2. My trousers are dirty.
  3. My trouser are dirty.
  4. My trousers is dirty.
✔ B. "trousers" is always plural and takes "are".✔ B. "trousers" हमेशा बहुवचन है और "are" लेती है।
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Topic 04

Possessive & Compound Nouns

  • Singular possessive: add 's — boy's book, car's engine. Even if the word ends in s: bus's tyres.एकवचन possessive: 's जोड़ें — boy's book, car's engine। शब्द s पर समाप्त हो तब भी: bus's tyres।
  • Plural ending in s/es: add only the apostrophe — boys' book, cars' engines.s/es पर समाप्त बहुवचन: केवल apostrophe जोड़ें — boys' book, cars' engines।
  • Plural not ending in s: add 's — children's play, men's room.s पर न समाप्त होने वाला बहुवचन: 's जोड़ें — children's play, men's room।
  • Compound nouns: the apostrophe comes at the end — sister-in-law's birthday.Compound noun: apostrophe अंत में आता है — sister-in-law's birthday।
  • Possessive pronouns take no apostrophe: Yours faithfully (never "Your's").Possessive सर्वनाम में apostrophe नहीं: Yours faithfully ("Your's" कभी नहीं)।
No double apostrophe.दोहरा apostrophe नहीं। Avoid stacking possessives: my daughter's book's page → the page of my daughter's book. possessive एक पर एक न लगाएँ: my daughter's book's page → the page of my daughter's book।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct possessive: books belonging to several boys.सही possessive चुनें: कई लड़कों की पुस्तकें।

  1. the boys' books
  2. the boys's books
  3. the boy's books
  4. the boys books'
✔ A. Plural "boys" ending in s → apostrophe only: boys'.✔ A. s पर समाप्त बहुवचन "boys" → केवल apostrophe: boys'।

Choose the correct form:सही रूप चुनें:

  1. the children playground's
  2. the childrens playground
  3. the children's playground
  4. the childrens' playground
✔ C. "children" is plural without s → add 's.✔ C. "children" बिना s वाला बहुवचन → 's जोड़ें।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Yours faithfully
  2. Your's faithfully
  3. Youres faithfully
  4. Yours' faithfully
✔ A. Possessive pronouns never take an apostrophe.✔ A. Possessive सर्वनाम में कभी apostrophe नहीं आता।

Choose the correct form:सही रूप चुनें:

  1. my sister-in-law's house
  2. my sister-in-laws' house
  3. my sisters-in-law's house
  4. my sister's-in-law house
✔ A. For one sister-in-law, the apostrophe goes at the end.✔ A. एक sister-in-law के लिए apostrophe अंत में आता है।

Test Yourself · Noun

12 questions on noun types, number rules and possessives. Tap an option to check, then read Why.

संज्ञा के प्रकार, संख्या-नियम और possessive पर 12 प्रश्न। जाँचने के लिए विकल्प पर टैप करें, फिर Why पढ़ें।