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English Grammar · Chapter 08 · Conjunction

Conjunction

A conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses and makes writing compact — "poor but honest", "I waited until she came". There are three kinds: coordinating (joining equals), subordinating (attaching a dependent clause), and correlative (working in pairs). The exam loves the pairs (no sooner…than, neither…nor) and a handful of sharp rules — use only one conjunction, keep the two halves parallel, and invert after a fronted negative. This chapter covers them all.एक समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction) शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या उपवाक्यों को जोड़ता है और लेखन को सुगठित बनाता है — "poor but honest", "I waited until she came"। तीन प्रकार हैं: समन्वयकारी (समान को जोड़ना), अधीनताबोधक (आश्रित उपवाक्य जोड़ना), और सहसंबंधी (जोड़ियों में)। परीक्षा को जोड़ियाँ (no sooner…than, neither…nor) और कुछ बारीक नियम पसंद हैं — केवल एक conjunction लें, दोनों भाग समानांतर रखें, और आगे रखे नकार के बाद उलटाव करें। यह अध्याय सब बनाता है।
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Topic 01

Types of Conjunction

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  • Coordinating — join elements of equal rank: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS). "Jack and Jill went up the hill."समन्वयकारी — समान स्तर के तत्व जोड़ते हैं: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so। "Jack and Jill went up the hill."
  • Subordinating — attach a dependent clause to a main one: because, since, although, if, when, until, unless, that, before, after. "I returned home after he had gone."अधीनताबोधक — आश्रित उपवाक्य को मुख्य से जोड़ते हैं: because, since, although, if, when, until, unless, that, before, after। "I returned home after he had gone."
  • Correlative — work in pairs: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, whether…or, no sooner…than.सहसंबंधी — जोड़ियों में काम करते हैं: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, whether…or, no sooner…than।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

In "Jack and Jill went up the hill", "and" is a ___ conjunction."Jack and Jill went up the hill" में "and" ___ conjunction है।

  1. correlative
  2. coordinating
  3. subordinating
  4. relative
✔ B. It joins two equal nouns → coordinating.✔ B. यह दो समान संज्ञाओं को जोड़ता है → coordinating।

"I stayed home because it was raining." "because" is a ___ conjunction."I stayed home because it was raining." में "because" ___ conjunction है।

  1. correlative
  2. subordinating
  3. demonstrative
  4. coordinating
✔ B. It attaches a dependent (reason) clause → subordinating.✔ B. यह आश्रित (कारण) उपवाक्य जोड़ता है → subordinating।

"either…or" is an example of a ___ conjunction."either…or" ___ conjunction का उदाहरण है।

  1. correlative
  2. coordinating single
  3. interrogative
  4. subordinating
✔ A. A pair working together → correlative.✔ A. जोड़ी में काम करने वाला → correlative।

A conjunction is a word that:conjunction एक शब्द है जो:

  1. names a person
  2. describes a noun
  3. shows a sudden feeling
  4. joins words or clauses
✔ D. Conjunctions connect words, phrases or clauses.✔ D. conjunction शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या उपवाक्यों को जोड़ते हैं।
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Topic 02

Correlative Pairs

  • either…or / neither…nor — "Either take it or leave it." "He is neither a thief nor a rogue."either…or / neither…nor — "Either take it or leave it." "He is neither a thief nor a rogue."
  • not only…but also — "They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire."not only…but also — "They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire."
  • so…that / such…that — "She was so tired that she could not walk." "It was such a hot day that we stayed indoors."so…that / such…that — "She was so tired that she could not walk." "It was such a hot day that we stayed indoors."
  • no sooner…than — always than, never "when" ("sooner" is comparative). "No sooner did he arrive than it rained."no sooner…than — हमेशा than, कभी "when" नहीं ("sooner" comparative है)। "No sooner did he arrive than it rained."
  • hardly/scarcely…when — "Hardly had I closed my eyes when someone knocked."hardly/scarcely…when — "Hardly had I closed my eyes when someone knocked."
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

"No sooner did she reach the station ___ the train left." Choose the word."No sooner did she reach the station ___ the train left." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. then
  2. that
  3. when
  4. than
✔ D. "no sooner" (comparative) is always followed by "than".✔ D. "no sooner" (comparative) के बाद हमेशा "than"।

"He is neither a thief ___ a rogue." Choose the word."He is neither a thief ___ a rogue." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. than
  2. nor
  3. not
  4. or
✔ B. "neither" pairs with "nor".✔ B. "neither" की जोड़ी "nor" है।

"She was so tired ___ she could not walk." Choose the word."She was so tired ___ she could not walk." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. as
  2. that
  3. when
  4. than
✔ B. "so … that" is the correlative pair.✔ B. "so … that" सहसंबंधी जोड़ी है।

"Scarcely had I closed my eyes ___ someone knocked." Choose the word."Scarcely had I closed my eyes ___ someone knocked." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. than
  2. that
  3. when
  4. then
✔ C. "scarcely / hardly … when".✔ C. "scarcely / hardly … when"।
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Topic 03

Important Single Conjunctions

  • if = on condition that: "If it rains, we shall not go."if = इस शर्त पर कि: "If it rains, we shall not go."
  • unless = if not: "I won't open the box unless you give me the keys."unless = यदि नहीं: "I won't open the box unless you give me the keys."
  • until = up to the time when: "I will wait until you come back."until = उस समय तक जब: "I will wait until you come back."
  • lest = so that…not; followed by should: "Hurry up lest you should miss the bus."lest = ऐसा न हो कि; इसके बाद should आता है: "Hurry up lest you should miss the bus."
  • while = at the same time / contrast: "Strike while the iron is hot." "While Peter is friendly, his brother is moody."while = एक ही समय / विरोध: "Strike while the iron is hot." "While Peter is friendly, his brother is moody."
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

"___ it rains, we shall not go out." Choose the word."___ it rains, we shall not go out." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. If
  2. Unless
  3. While
  4. Lest
✔ A. A condition → "If".✔ A. एक शर्त → "If"।

"I won't open the box ___ you give me the keys." Choose the word."I won't open the box ___ you give me the keys." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. until
  2. while
  3. lest
  4. unless
✔ D. "unless" = if not (condition).✔ D. "unless" = यदि नहीं (शर्त)।

"Hurry up ___ you should miss the bus." Choose the word."Hurry up ___ you should miss the bus." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. because
  2. unless
  3. lest
  4. until
✔ C. "lest … should" = so that … not.✔ C. "lest … should" = ऐसा न हो कि।

"I will wait here ___ you come back." Choose the word."I will wait here ___ you come back." सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. than
  2. unless
  3. until
  4. lest
✔ C. "until" = up to the time when.✔ C. "until" = उस समय तक जब।
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Topic 04

Rules & Common Errors

  • One conjunction only. Do not use two to join the same clauses: Because he is ill, so he stayed home → Because he is ill, he stayed home.केवल एक conjunction। एक ही उपवाक्य जोड़ने को दो न लें: Because…so… → Because he is ill, he stayed home।
  • Parallel structure. Put the same kind of word after both parts: Sam is neither intelligent nor ambitious (adjective + adjective).समानांतर रचना। दोनों भागों के बाद एक ही प्रकार का शब्द: Sam is neither intelligent nor ambitious।
  • Inversion after a fronted negative: Hardly had the sun risen when we set out (auxiliary before subject).उलटाव आगे रखे नकार के बाद: Hardly had the sun risen when we set out।
  • like vs as — "like" is a preposition (+ noun): "She looks like her mother"; "as" is a conjunction (+ clause): "She walks as her mother does".like बनाम as — "like" preposition (+ noun): "She looks like her mother"; "as" conjunction (+ clause): "She walks as her mother does"।
  • except / without cannot replace unless to join clauses: I will not come unless you invite me.except / without, unless की जगह उपवाक्य जोड़ने को नहीं ले सकते: I will not come unless you invite me।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Sam is neither intelligent nor ambitious.
  2. Sam is neither intelligent or ambitious.
  3. Neither Sam intelligent nor ambitious.
  4. Neither Sam is intelligent nor ambitious.
✔ A. Parallel structure: adjective after both "neither" and "nor".✔ A. समानांतर रचना: "neither" और "nor" दोनों के बाद विशेषण।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Because he is intelligent, so he gets good marks.
  2. Because he is intelligent, therefore he gets good marks.
  3. Because he is intelligent, he gets good marks.
  4. As he is intelligent, so he gets good marks.
✔ C. Use one conjunction; do not add "so/therefore".✔ C. एक ही conjunction लें; "so/therefore" न जोड़ें।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. She walks as her mother does.
  2. She walks as her mother.
  3. She walks like her mother does.
  4. She walks like her mother walk.
✔ A. Before a clause use the conjunction "as".✔ A. उपवाक्य से पहले conjunction "as" लें।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. I will not come until you will invite me.
  2. I will not come without you invite me.
  3. I will not come except you invite me.
  4. I will not come unless you invite me.
✔ D. To join clauses use "unless", not "except/without".✔ D. उपवाक्य जोड़ने को "unless" लें, "except/without" नहीं।

Test Yourself · Conjunction

12 questions on conjunction types, correlative pairs, single conjunctions and rules. Tap an option to check, then read Why.

conjunction के प्रकार, सहसंबंधी जोड़ियाँ, एकल conjunction और नियमों पर 12 प्रश्न। जाँचने के लिए विकल्प पर टैप करें, फिर Why पढ़ें।