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English Grammar · Chapter 04 · Adjectives

Adjectives

An adjective describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun — telling us its size, colour, number, quality or which one. It cannot stand alone; it lives to make a noun more exact: "a delicious dinner", "the tallest boy". The exam rarely asks "what is an adjective"; it asks the sharp choices — much or many, less or fewer, farther or further, comparative or superlative — and the small word-order rules. This chapter builds all of them.एक विशेषण (adjective) किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वर्णन करता है — उसका आकार, रंग, संख्या, गुण या कौन-सा। यह अकेला खड़ा नहीं हो सकता; यह संज्ञा को अधिक सटीक बनाने के लिए होता है: "a delicious dinner", "the tallest boy". परीक्षा शायद ही पूछती है "विशेषण क्या है"; वह बारीक चयन पूछती है — much या many, less या fewer, farther या further, comparative या superlative — और छोटे शब्द-क्रम नियम। यह अध्याय सब बनाता है।
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Topic 01

What Adjectives Do & Their Order

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An adjective usually comes before the noun ("a tall boy"), but it can also come after a linking verb — is, seem, become, taste, feel, appear — to describe the subject: "The dinner tasted fantastic." When several adjectives qualify one noun, separate them with commas, but do not put another word between the last adjective and its noun: "a tall, dark, handsome boy".विशेषण आमतौर पर संज्ञा से पहले आता है ("a tall boy"), पर यह linking verb के बाद भी आ सकता है — is, seem, become, taste, feel, appear — कर्ता का वर्णन करने के लिए: "The dinner tasted fantastic." जब कई विशेषण एक संज्ञा का वर्णन करें, उन्हें comma से अलग करें, पर अंतिम विशेषण और संज्ञा के बीच कोई शब्द न रखें: "a tall, dark, handsome boy"।

Two colour adjectives are joined by "and": a black and white cow (not "black white cow"). Pattern: that + adjective + a/an + noun → that big a car (not "that a big car").
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. These flowers smell sweet.
  2. These flowers smells sweet.
  3. These flowers smell sweetly.
  4. These flowers are smell sweet.
✔ A. After the linking verb "smell", use the adjective "sweet", not the adverb.✔ A. linking verb "smell" के बाद विशेषण "sweet" आता है, adverb नहीं।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. I can't afford that a big car.
  2. I can't afford that big a car.
  3. I can't afford big that a car.
  4. I can't afford a that big car.
✔ B. The pattern is "that + adjective + a/an + noun" → "that big a car".✔ B. पैटर्न "that + विशेषण + a/an + संज्ञा" → "that big a car"।

Choose the correct phrase:सही वाक्यांश चुनें:

  1. a black white photograph
  2. a black, white photograph
  3. a black and white photograph
  4. a white black photograph
✔ C. Two colour adjectives are joined by "and".✔ C. दो रंग-विशेषण "and" से जुड़ते हैं।

In "The little girl is very beautiful", the adjectives describe:"The little girl is very beautiful" में विशेषण किसका वर्णन करते हैं:

  1. nothing
  2. the girl
  3. the verb
  4. the word "very"
✔ B. "little" and "beautiful" both describe the noun "girl".✔ B. "little" और "beautiful" दोनों संज्ञा "girl" का वर्णन करते हैं।
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Topic 02

Types of Adjectives

  • Of quality — the kind or quality (answers "what kind?"): a great person, a large city, Indian economy.गुणवाचक — प्रकार या गुण ("किस प्रकार?"): a great person, a large city, Indian economy।
  • Of quantity — how much (uncountable): some, much, little, enough, whole, all, no — "I need some water."परिमाणवाचक — कितना (अगणनीय): some, much, little, enough, whole, all, no — "I need some water."
  • Of number — how many (countable): one, two, first, tenth, many, several, few — "India has twenty-nine states."संख्यावाचक — कितने (गणनीय): one, two, first, tenth, many, several, few — "India has twenty-nine states."
  • Demonstrative — which one: this, that, these, those, such ("this" / "that" with singular; "these" / "those" with plural).संकेतवाचक — कौन-सा: this, that, these, those, such ("this"/"that" एकवचन; "these"/"those" बहुवचन)।
  • Interrogative — a question word before a noun: which, whose, what — "Whose book is this?"प्रश्नवाचक — संज्ञा से पहले प्रश्नवाचक शब्द: which, whose, what — "Whose book is this?"
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

In "India has twenty-nine states", "twenty-nine" is an adjective of:"India has twenty-nine states" में "twenty-nine" किस प्रकार का विशेषण है:

  1. number
  2. quality
  3. demonstrative
  4. quantity
✔ A. It tells "how many" → adjective of number.✔ A. यह "कितने" बताता है → संख्यावाचक।

"I need some water." The word "some" is an adjective of:"I need some water." में "some" किस प्रकार का विशेषण है:

  1. quality
  2. number
  3. interrogative
  4. quantity
✔ D. "water" is uncountable → adjective of quantity.✔ D. "water" अगणनीय है → परिमाणवाचक।

Which sentence uses a demonstrative adjective?किस वाक्य में संकेतवाचक विशेषण है?

  1. Talent is rare.
  2. The girl sings.
  3. This girl is talented.
  4. She is talented.
✔ C. "This" points to a particular noun "girl" → demonstrative adjective.✔ C. "This" संज्ञा "girl" की ओर इशारा करता है → संकेतवाचक।

"Indian economy" — "Indian" is an adjective of:"Indian economy" — "Indian" किस प्रकार का विशेषण है:

  1. quality
  2. number
  3. demonstrative
  4. quantity
✔ A. Formed from a proper noun, it shows a kind → adjective of quality.✔ A. proper noun से बना, प्रकार दिखाता है → गुणवाचक।
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Topic 03

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives have three degrees: positive (smart), comparative (smarter — comparing two), and superlative (smartest — the highest among more than two). "Riya is smart · Riya is smarter than Preeti · Riya is the smartest in the class."विशेषण की तीन कोटियाँ होती हैं: मूल (positive) (smart), तुलनात्मक (comparative) (smarter — दो की तुलना), और उत्तम (superlative) (smartest — दो से अधिक में सर्वोच्च)। "Riya is smart · Riya is smarter than Preeti · Riya is the smartest in the class."

Key rules.मुख्य नियम। (1) Never double the comparative: more stronger → stronger. (2) For two things use the comparative: shortest of the two → shorter of the two. (3) Latin comparatives — superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, prefer — take to, not "than": junior to me, prefer tea to coffee. (1) comparative दोहराएँ नहीं: more stronger → stronger। (2) दो चीज़ों के लिए comparative: shortest of the two → shorter of the two। (3) लैटिन comparative — superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, prefer — to लेते हैं, "than" नहीं: junior to me, prefer tea to coffee।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. She is most stronger than her sister.
  2. She is stronger than her sister.
  3. She is more stronger than her sister.
  4. She is more strong than her sister.
✔ B. Do not double the comparative ("more stronger" is wrong).✔ B. comparative दोहराएँ नहीं ("more stronger" गलत है)।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Take the more short of the two routes.
  2. Take the shortest of the two routes.
  3. Take the shorter of the two routes.
  4. Take the short of the two routes.
✔ C. For two things use the comparative → "shorter".✔ C. दो चीज़ों के लिए comparative → "shorter"।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Raman is junior than me.
  2. Raman is more junior than me.
  3. Raman is junior from me.
  4. Raman is junior to me.
✔ D. "junior" takes "to", never "than".✔ D. "junior" के साथ "to" आता है, "than" कभी नहीं।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. I prefer tea over than coffee.
  2. I prefer tea to coffee.
  3. I prefer tea from coffee.
  4. I prefer tea than coffee.
✔ B. "prefer" takes "to" between the two things.✔ B. "prefer" दो चीज़ों के बीच "to" लेता है।
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Topic 04

Rules & Confusable Adjectives

  • much / many — much for uncountables ("much work"), many for countables ("many books").much / many — अगणनीय के लिए much ("much work"), गणनीय के लिए many ("many books")।
  • less / fewer — less for uncountables ("less water"), fewer for countables ("fewer pens").less / fewer — अगणनीय के लिए less ("less water"), गणनीय के लिए fewer ("fewer pens")।
  • farther / further — farther = greater distance ("Bombay is farther"); further = additional ("further divided").farther / further — farther = अधिक दूरी ("Bombay is farther"); further = अतिरिक्त ("further divided")।
  • last / latest — latest = most recent ("the latest news"); last = the previous/final one.last / latest — latest = सबसे नया ("the latest news"); last = पिछला/अंतिम।
  • later / latter — later = afterwards in time; latter = the second of two named things.later / latter — later = समय में बाद में; latter = दो में से दूसरा।
  • all / both / half go before a possessive: all his wealth (not "his all wealth").all / both / half possessive से पहले आते हैं: all his wealth ("his all wealth" नहीं)।
📝 Self-testस्वयं-परीक्षण 4 MCQs

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. I have lesser pens than you.
  2. I have less pens than you.
  3. I have few pens than you.
  4. I have fewer pens than you.
✔ D. "pens" are countable → "fewer".✔ D. "pens" गणनीय हैं → "fewer"।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. Bombay is further from Delhi than Agra.
  2. Bombay is more far from Delhi than Agra.
  3. Bombay is farther from Delhi than Agra.
  4. Bombay is farthest from Delhi than Agra.
✔ C. Physical distance → "farther".✔ C. भौतिक दूरी → "farther"।

Choose the correct sentence:सही वाक्य चुनें:

  1. He wasted his wealth all.
  2. He wasted his all wealth.
  3. He wasted all of his all wealth.
  4. He wasted all his wealth.
✔ D. "all" comes before the possessive "his".✔ D. "all" possessive "his" से पहले आता है।

"Reema is a doctor and the ___ is a lawyer." (second of two) Choose the word."Reema is a doctor and the ___ is a lawyer." (दो में से दूसरा) सही शब्द चुनें।

  1. latter
  2. later
  3. latest
  4. last
✔ A. "latter" = the second of two mentioned.✔ A. "latter" = वर्णित दो में से दूसरा।

Test Yourself · Adjectives

12 questions on adjective use, types, degrees and confusables. Tap an option to check, then read Why.

विशेषण के प्रयोग, प्रकार, कोटि और भ्रामक शब्दों पर 12 प्रश्न। जाँचने के लिए विकल्प पर टैप करें, फिर Why पढ़ें।